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<title>Ecological engineering</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ecological engineering</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Biosystems_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Biosystems engineering">Biosystems engineering</a></div>

<p><b>Ecological engineering</b> uses <a href="Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a> and <a href="Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a> to predict, design, construct or restore, and manage <a href="Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a> that integrate "<a href="Human_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Human society">human society</a> with its <a href="Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">natural environment</a> for the benefit of both".<sup id="cite_ref-Mi_98_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mi_98-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins,_key_concepts,_definitions,_and_applications">Origins, key concepts, definitions, and applications</h2></div>

<p>Ecological engineering emerged as a new idea in the early 1960s, but its definition has taken several decades to refine. Its implementation is still undergoing adjustment, and its broader recognition as a new paradigm is relatively recent. Ecological engineering was introduced by <a href="Howard_T._Odum" title="Howard T. Odum">Howard Odum</a> and others<sup id="cite_ref-Od_63_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Od_63-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as utilizing <a href="Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">natural energy</a> sources as the predominant input to manipulate and control environmental systems. The origins of ecological engineering are in Odum's work with ecological modeling and ecosystem simulation to capture holistic macro-patterns of energy and material flows affecting the efficient use of resources.

</p><p>Mitsch and Jorgensen<sup id="cite_ref-MJ_04_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MJ_04-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> summarized five basic concepts that differentiate ecological engineering from other approaches to addressing problems to benefit society and nature: 1) it is based on the self-designing <a href="Carrying_capacity" title="Carrying capacity">capacity of ecosystems</a>; 2) it can be the field (or acid) test of ecological theories; 3) it relies on system approaches; 4) it conserves <a href="Non-renewable_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-renewable energy">non-renewable energy</a> sources; and 5) it supports ecosystem and <a href="Biological_conservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological conservation">biological conservation</a>.

</p><p>Mitsch and Jorgensen<sup id="cite_ref-MJ_89_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MJ_89-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were the first to define ecological engineering as designing societal services such that they benefit society and nature, and later noted<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MJ_03_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MJ_03-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MJ_04_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MJ_04-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the design should be systems based, sustainable, and integrate society with its natural environment.

</p><p>Bergen et al.<sup id="cite_ref-Be_01_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Be_01-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> defined ecological engineering as: 1) utilizing ecological science and theory; 2) applying to all types of ecosystems; 3) adapting engineering design methods; and 4) acknowledging a guiding value system.

</p><p>Barrett (1999)<sup id="cite_ref-Ba_99_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ba_99-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> offers a more literal definition of the term: "the design, construction, operation and management (that is, engineering) of landscape/aquatic structures and associated plant and animal communities (that is, ecosystems) to benefit humanity and, often, nature." Barrett continues: "other terms with equivalent or similar meanings include <a href="Ecotechnology" title="Ecotechnology">ecotechnology</a> and two terms most often used in the <a href="Erosion_control" title="Erosion control">erosion control</a> field: soil bioengineering and biotechnical engineering. However, ecological engineering should not be confused with '<a href="Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a>' when describing genetic engineering at the cellular level, or '<a href="Bioengineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioengineering">bioengineering</a>' meaning construction of artificial body parts."

</p><p>The applications in ecological engineering can be classified into 3 spatial scales: 1) <a href="Mesocosm" title="Mesocosm">mesocosms</a> (~0.1 to hundreds of meters); 2) ecosystems (~one to tens of km); and 3) regional systems (>tens of km). The complexity of the design likely increases with the spatial scale. Applications are increasing in breadth and depth, and likely impacting the field's definition, as more opportunities to design and use ecosystems as interfaces between society and nature are explored.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Implementation of ecological engineering has focused on the creation or restoration of ecosystems, from <a href="Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">degraded</a> <a href="Wetlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Wetlands">wetlands</a> to multi-celled tubs and <a href="Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">greenhouses</a> that integrate microbial, fish, and plant services to process human <a href="Wastewater" title="Wastewater">wastewater</a> into products such as fertilizers, flowers, and <a href="Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking water</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Applications of ecological engineering in cities have emerged from collaboration with other fields such as <a href="Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">landscape architecture</a>, <a href="Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">urban planning</a>, and <a href="Urban_horticulture" title="Urban horticulture">urban horticulture</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Be_01_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Be_01-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to address human health and biodiversity, as targeted by the UN <a href="Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a>, with holistic projects such as <a href="Stormwater_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Stormwater management">stormwater management</a>. Applications of ecological engineering in rural landscapes have included wetland treatment<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and community <a href="Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a> through <a href="Traditional_ecological_knowledge" title="Traditional ecological knowledge">traditional ecological knowledge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a> is an example of broader applications that have emerged as distinct disciplines from ecological engineering, where <a href="David_Holmgren" title="David Holmgren">David Holmgren</a> cites the influence of <a href="Howard_T._Odum" title="Howard T. Odum">Howard Odum</a> in development of permaculture.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_guidelines,_functional_classes,_and_design_principles">Design guidelines, functional classes, and design principles</h2></div>

<p>Ecological engineering design will combine <a href="Systems_ecology" title="Systems ecology">systems ecology</a> with the process of <a href="Engineering_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Engineering design">engineering design</a>. <a href="Engineering_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Engineering design">Engineering design</a> typically involves problem formulation (goal), problem analysis (constraints), alternative solutions search, decision among alternatives, and specification of a complete solution.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A temporal design framework is provided by Matlock et al.,<sup id="cite_ref-Ma_01_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ma_01-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> stating the design solutions are considered in ecological time. In selecting between alternatives, the design should incorporate <a href="Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">ecological economics</a> in design evaluation<sup id="cite_ref-Ma_01_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ma_01-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and acknowledge a guiding value system which promotes biological conservation, benefiting society and nature.<sup id="cite_ref-MJ_03_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MJ_03-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Be_01_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Be_01-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Ecological engineering utilizes <a href="Systems_ecology" title="Systems ecology">systems ecology</a> with engineering design to obtain a holistic view of the interactions within and between society and nature. Ecosystem simulation with <a href="Energy_Systems_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy Systems Language">Energy Systems Language</a> (also known as energy circuit language or energese) by Howard Odum is one illustration of this systems ecology approach.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This holistic model development and simulation defines the system of interest, identifies the system's boundary, and diagrams how energy and material moves into, within, and out of, a system in order to identify how to use renewable resources through ecosystem processes and increase sustainability. The system it describes is a collection (i.e., group) of components (i.e., parts), connected by some type of interaction or interrelationship, that collectively responds to some stimulus or demand and fulfills some specific purpose or function. By understanding systems ecology the ecological engineer can more efficiently design with ecosystem components and processes within the design, utilize renewable energy and resources, and increase sustainability.

</p><p>Mitsch and Jorgensen<sup id="cite_ref-MJ_04_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MJ_04-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> identified five Functional Classes for ecological engineering designs:

</p>

<ol><li>Ecosystem utilized to reduce/solve pollution problem. Example: phytoremediation, wastewater wetland, and bioretention of stormwater to filter excess nutrients and metals pollution</li>

<li>Ecosystem imitated or copied to address resource problem. Example: <a href="Forest_restoration" title="Forest restoration">forest restoration</a>, replacement wetlands, and installing street side rain gardens to extend canopy cover to optimize residential and urban cooling</li>

<li>Ecosystem recovered after disturbance. Example: mine land restoration, lake restoration, and channel aquatic restoration with mature riparian corridors</li>

<li>Ecosystem modified in ecologically sound way. Example: selective timber harvest, biomanipulation, and introduction of predator fish to reduce planktivorous fish, increase zooplankton, consume algae or phytoplankton, and clarify the water.</li>

<li>Ecosystems used for benefit without destroying balance. Example: sustainable agro-ecosystems, multispecies aquaculture, and introducing agroforestry plots into residential property to generate primary production at multiple vertical levels.</li></ol>

<p>Mitsch and Jorgensen<sup id="cite_ref-MJ_04_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MJ_04-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> identified 19 Design Principles for ecological engineering, yet not all are expected to contribute to any single design:

</p>

<ol><li>Ecosystem structure & function are determined by forcing functions of the system;</li>

<li>Energy inputs to the ecosystems and available storage of the ecosystem is limited;</li>

<li>Ecosystems are open and dissipative systems (not thermodynamic balance of energy, matter, entropy, but spontaneous appearance of complex, chaotic structure);</li>

<li>Attention to a limited number of governing/controlling factors is most strategic in preventing pollution or restoring ecosystems;</li>

<li>Ecosystem have some homeostatic capability that results in smoothing out and depressing the effects of strongly variable inputs;</li>

<li>Match recycling pathways to the rates of ecosystems and reduce pollution effects;</li>

<li>Design for pulsing systems wherever possible;</li>

<li>Ecosystems are self-designing systems;</li>

<li>Processes of ecosystems have characteristic time and space scales that should be accounted for in environmental management;</li>

<li>Biodiversity should be championed to maintain an ecosystem's self design capacity;</li>

<li>Ecotones, transition zones, are as important for ecosystems as membranes for cells;</li>

<li>Coupling between ecosystems should be utilized wherever possible;</li>

<li>The components of an ecosystem are interconnected, interrelated, and form a network; consider direct as well as indirect efforts of ecosystem development;</li>

<li>An ecosystem has a history of development;</li>

<li>Ecosystems and species are most vulnerable at their geographical edges;</li>

<li>Ecosystems are hierarchical systems and are parts of a larger landscape;</li>

<li>Physical and biological processes are interactive, it is important to know both physical and biological interactions and to interpret them properly;</li>

<li>Eco-technology requires a holistic approach that integrates all interacting parts and processes as far as possible;</li>

<li>Information in ecosystems is stored in structures.</li></ol>

<p>Mitsch and Jorgensen<sup id="cite_ref-MJ_04_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MJ_04-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> identified the following considerations prior implementing an ecological engineering design:

</p>

<ul><li>Create conceptual model of determine the parts of nature connected to the project;</li>

<li>Implement a computer model to simulate the impacts and uncertainty of the project;</li>

<li>Optimize the project to reduce uncertainty and increase beneficial impacts.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_to_other_engineering_disciplines">Relationship to other engineering disciplines</h2></div>

<p>The field of Ecological Engineering is closely related to the fields of <a href="Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">environmental engineering</a> and <a href="Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">civil engineering</a>. The three broadly overlap in the area of water resources engineering, particularly the treatment and management of <a href="Stormwater" title="Stormwater">stormwater</a> and <a href="Wastewater" title="Wastewater">wastewater</a>. While the three disciplines of engineering are closely related to one another, there are distinct areas of expertise within each field.

</p><p>Ecological engineering is primarily focused on the natural environment and natural infrastructure, emphasizing the mediation of the relationship between people and planet. In complementary disciplines, civil engineering is primarily focused on built infrastructure and public works while environmental engineering focuses on the protection of public and environmental health through the treatment and management of waste streams.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_curriculum_(colleges)">Academic curriculum (colleges)</h2></div>

<p>An academic curriculum was proposed for ecological engineering in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-Ma_01_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ma_01-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Key elements of the suggested curriculum are: <a href="Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">environmental engineering</a>; <a href="Systems_ecology" title="Systems ecology">systems ecology</a>; <a href="Restoration_ecology" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration ecology">restoration ecology</a>; <a href="Ecological_modeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological modeling">ecological modeling</a>; quantitative ecology; economics of ecological engineering, and technical <a href="Course_(education)#Elective_and_required_courses" title="Course (education)">electives</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Complementing this set of courses were prerequisites courses in physical, biological, and chemical subject areas, and integrated design experiences. According to Matlock et al.,<sup id="cite_ref-Ma_01_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ma_01-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the design should identify constraints, characterize solutions in ecological time, and incorporate ecological economics in design evaluation. Economics of ecological engineering has been demonstrated using energy principles for a wetland.,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and using nutrient valuation for a dairy farm.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With these principals in mind, the world's first B.S. Ecological Engineering program was formalized in 2009 at <a href="Oregon_State_University" title="Oregon State University">Oregon State University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 2024, the US <a href="ABET" title="ABET">Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology, Inc. (ABET)</a> published criteria for accreditation of Ecological Engineering program for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To be accredited, B.S. Ecological Engineering programs must include:

</p>

<ul><li>mathematics through differential equations, probability and statistics, calculus-based physics, and college-level chemistry;</li>

<li>earth science, fluid mechanics, hydraulics, and hydrology.</li>

<li>biological and advanced ecological sciences that focus on multi-organism self-sustaining systems at a range of scales, systems ecology, ecosystem services, and ecological modeling;</li>

<li>material and energy balances; fate and transport of substances in and between air, water, and soil; thermodynamics of living systems; and</li>

<li>applications of ecological principles to engineering design that include considerations of climate, species diversity, self-organization, uncertainty, sustainability, resilience, interactions between ecological and social systems, and system-scale impacts and benefits.</li></ul>

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<ul><li><a href="Afforestation" title="Afforestation">Afforestation</a></li>

<li><a href="Agroecology" title="Agroecology">Agroecology</a></li>

<li><a href="Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">Agroforestry</a></li>

<li><a href="Analog_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog forestry">Analog forestry</a></li>

<li><a href="Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">Biomass (ecology)</a></li>

<li><a href="Buffer_strip" title="Buffer strip">Buffer strip</a></li>

<li><a href="Constructed_wetland" title="Constructed wetland">Constructed wetland</a></li>

<li><a href="Energy-efficient_landscaping" title="Energy-efficient landscaping">Energy-efficient landscaping</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Forest_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest farming">Forest farming</a></li>

<li><a href="Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">Forest gardening</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Green_Wall_(Africa)" title="Great Green Wall (Africa)">Great Green Wall</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Plains_Shelterbelt" title="Great Plains Shelterbelt">Great Plains Shelterbelt</a> (1934- )</li>

<li><a href="Great_Plan_for_the_Transformation_of_Nature" title="Great Plan for the Transformation of Nature">Great Plan for the Transformation of Nature</a> - an example of applied ecological engineering in the 1940s and 1950s</li>

<li><a href="Hedgerow" class="mw-redirect" title="Hedgerow">Hedgerow</a></li>

<li><a href="Residential_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Residential garden">Home gardens</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_ecology" title="Human ecology">Human ecology</a></li>

<li><a href="Macro-engineering" title="Macro-engineering">Macro-engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Sand_fence" title="Sand fence">Sand fence</a></li>

<li><a href="Seawater_greenhouse" title="Seawater greenhouse">Seawater greenhouse</a></li>

<li><a href="Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Sustainable agriculture</a></li>

<li><a href="Terra_preta" title="Terra preta">Terra preta</a></li>

<li><a href="Three-North_Shelter_Forest_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Three-North Shelter Forest Program">Three-North Shelter Forest Program</a></li>

<li><a href="Wildcrafting" title="Wildcrafting">Wildcrafting</a></li>

<li><a href="Windbreak" title="Windbreak">Windbreak</a></li></ul>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="Howard_T._Odum" title="Howard T. Odum">Howard T. Odum</a> (1963), "Man and Ecosystem" Proceedings, Lockwood Conference on the Suburban Forest and Ecology, in: <i>Bulletin Connecticut Agric. Station</i>.</li>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFW.J._Mitsch_and_S.E._Jørgensen1989" class="citation book cs1">W.J. Mitsch and S.E. Jørgensen (1989). <i>Ecological Engineering: An Introduction to Ecotechnology</i>. New York: <a href="John_Wiley_and_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley and Sons">John Wiley and Sons</a>.</cite></li>

<li><a href="W.J._Mitsch" class="mw-redirect" title="W.J. Mitsch">W.J. Mitsch</a> (1993), <i>Ecological engineering—"a cooperative role with the planetary life–support systems</i>. <i><a href="Environmental_Science_%26_Technology" title="Environmental Science & Technology">Environmental Science & Technology</a></i> 27:438-445.</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFK._R._Barrett1999" class="citation journal cs1">K. R. Barrett (1999). "Ecological engineering in water resources: The benefits of collaborating with nature". <i>Water International</i>. <b>24</b>: <span class="nowrap">182–</span>188. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02508069908692160">10.1080/02508069908692160</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFP.C._Kangas2004" class="citation book cs1">P.C. Kangas (2004). <i>Ecological Engineering: Principles and Practice</i>. Boca Raton, Florida: Lewis Publishers, <a href="CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1566705998</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFW.J._Mitsch_and_S.E._Jørgensen2004" class="citation book cs1">W.J. Mitsch and S.E. Jørgensen (2004). <i>Ecological Engineering and Ecosystem Restoration</i>. New York: John Wiley and Sons. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0471332640</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li>H.D. van Bohemen (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.tudelft.nl/view/ir/uuid:6dcd9b4a-bf75-4b8c-8c40-435fe861988b/"><i>Ecological Engineering and Civil Engineering works</i></a>, Doctoral thesis TU Delft, The Netherlands.</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFD._MasseJ.L._ChotteE._Scopel2015" class="citation journal cs1">D. Masse; J.L. Chotte; E. Scopel (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160423085857/http://www.csf-desertification.eu/combating-desertification/item/ecological-engineering">"Ecological engineering for sustainable agriculture in arid and semiarid West African regions"</a>. <i>Fiche thématique du CSFD</i> (11): 2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csf-desertification.eu/combating-desertification/item/ecological-engineering">the original</a> on 2016-04-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-23</span></span>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;">

<li id="cite_note-Mi_98-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mi_98_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W.J. Mitsch & S.E. Jorgensen (1989), "Introduction to Ecological Engineering", In: W.J. Mitsch and S.E. Jorgensen (Editors), <i>Ecological Engineering: An Introduction to Ecotechnology</i>. John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 3-12.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Od_63-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Od_63_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H.T. Odum et al. (1963), <i>Experiments with Engineering of Marine Ecosystems</i>, in: <i>Publication of the Institute of Marine Science of the University of Texas</i>, 9: 374-403.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-MJ_04-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MJ_04_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MJ_04_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MJ_04_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MJ_04_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MJ_04_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">W.J. Mitsch and S.E. Jorgensen (2004), "Ecological Engineering and Ecosystem Restoration". John Wiley & Sons, New York</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-MJ_89-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MJ_89_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W.J. Mitsch and S.E. Jorgensen (1989), "Introduction to Ecological Engineering" In: W.J. Mitsch and S.E. Jorgensen (Editors), <i>Ecological Engineering: An Introduction to Ecotechnology</i>. John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 3-12.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W.J. Mitsch (1993), "Ecological Engineering - A Cooperative Role with the Planetary Life Support Systems" in: <i>Environmental Science & Technology</i>, 27: 438-45.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W.J. Mitsch (1996), "Ecological Engineering: a new paradigm for engineers and ecologists", In: P.C. Schulze (Editor), <i>Engineering Within Ecological Constraints</i>. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., pp. 114-132.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-MJ_03-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MJ_03_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MJ_03_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">W.J. Mitsch & S.E. Jørgensen (2003), "Ecological engineering: A field whose time has come", in: <i>Ecological Engineering</i>, 20(5): 363-377.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Be_01-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Be_01_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Be_01_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Be_01_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">S.D. Bergen et al. (2001), "Design Principles for Ecological Engineering", in: <i>Ecological Engineering</i>, 18: 201-210.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Ba_99-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ba_99_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFK._R._Barrett1999" class="citation journal cs1">K. R. Barrett (1999). "Ecological engineering in water resources: The benefits of collaborating with nature". <i>Water International</i>. <b>24</b>: <span class="nowrap">182–</span>188. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02508069908692160">10.1080/02508069908692160</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Center for Wetlands, <i>Ecological Engineering</i>, webtext 2007.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFN.J._Todd_&_J._Todd1994" class="citation book cs1">N.J. Todd & J. Todd (1994). <i>From Eco-Cities to Living Machines: Principles of Ecological Design</i>. Berkeley: North Atlantic Books. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1556431500</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A.M. Nahlik and W.J. Mitsch. (2006), "Tropical Treatment Wetlands Dominated by Free-Floating Macrophytes for Water Quality Improvement in Costa Rica", in: <i>Ecological Engineering</i>, 28: 246-257.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S.A.W. Diemont and others (2006), "Lancandon Maya Forest Management: Restoration of Soil Fertility using Native Tree Species", in: <i>Ecological Engineering</i>, 28: 205-212.</span>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Ma_01-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ma_01_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ma_01_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ma_01_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ma_01_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">M.D. Matlock and others (2001), "Ecological Engineering: A Rationale for Standardized Curriculum and Professional Certification in the United States", in: <i>Ecological Engineering</i>, 17: 403-409.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, M.T. (2004) A picture is worth a thousand words: energy systems language and simulation. Ecological Modelling 178(1-2), 83-100.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diemont, S.W., T.J. Lawrence, and T.A. Endreny. "Envisioning Ecological Engineering Education: An International Survey of the Educational and Professional Community", Ecological Engineering, 36(4): 570-578, 2010. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2009.12.004</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. Ton, H.T. Odum & J.J. Delfino (1998), "Ecological Economic Evaluation of Wetland Management Alternatives", in: <i>Ecological Engineering</i>, 11: 291-302.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Pizarro and others, <i>An Economic Assessment of Algal Turf Scrubber Technology for Treatment of Dairy Manure Effluent. Ecological Engineering, 26(12): 321-327.</i></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://today.oregonstate.edu/archives/2007/oct/osu-launches-first-ecological-engineering-degree-us">"OSU Launches First Ecological Engineering Degree in U.S."</a> <i>Life at OSU</i>. 2009-07-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-27</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abet.org/accreditation/accreditation-criteria/criteria-for-accrediting-engineering-programs-2025-2026/">"Criteria for Accrediting Engineering Programs, 2025 - 2026"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130901203127/http://ecological-engineering.com/defs.html">What is "ecological engineering"?</a> Webtext, Ecological Engineering Group, 2007.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://groups.engr.oregonstate.edu/eess/">Ecological Engineering Student Society</a> Website, EESS, Oregon State University, 2011.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070808203217/http://www.cfw.ufl.edu/ecological_engineering.asp">Ecological Engineering</a> webtext by Howard T. Odum Center for Wetlands at the University of Florida, 2007.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organizations">Organizations</h3></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aeesociety.org/">American Ecological Engineering Society</a>, homepage.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://groups.engr.oregonstate.edu/eess/">Ecological Engineering Student Society</a> Website, EESS, Oregon State University, 2011.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170919162604/http://aspwe.org/">American Society of Professional Wetland Engineers</a>, homepage, wiki.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecological-engineering.com/">Ecological Engineering Group</a>, homepage.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iees.ch/">International Ecological Engineering Society</a> homepage.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific_journals">Scientific journals</h3></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/522751/description#description">Ecological Engineering</a> since 1992, with a general description of the field.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130203002409/http://www.springerlink.com/content/112761/">Landscape and Ecological Engineering</a> since 2005.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jeed.pubpub.org/">Journal of Ecological Engineering Design</a> Officially launched in 2021, this journal offers a diamond open access format (free to the reader, free to the authors). This is the official journal of the American Ecological Engineering Society with production support from the University of Vermont Libraries.</li></ul>

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</style><div id="Engineering683" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Engineering" title="Engineering">Engineering</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>

<ul><li><a href="History_of_engineering" title="History of engineering">History</a></li>

<li><a href="Outline_of_engineering" title="Outline of engineering">Outline</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_engineering_branches" title="List of engineering branches">List of engineering branches</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialties<br>and<br><a href="Interdisciplinarity" title="Interdisciplinarity">interdisciplinarity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">Civil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">Architectural</a></li>

<li><a href="Coastal_engineering" title="Coastal engineering">Coastal</a></li>

<li><a href="Construction_engineering" title="Construction engineering">Construction</a></li>

<li><a href="Earthquake_engineering" title="Earthquake engineering">Earthquake</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sanitary_engineering" title="Sanitary engineering">Sanitary</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Geological_engineering" title="Geological engineering">Geological</a></li>

<li><a href="Geotechnical_engineering" title="Geotechnical engineering">Geotechnical</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydraulic_engineering" title="Hydraulic engineering">Hydraulic</a></li>

<li><a href="Mining_engineering" title="Mining engineering">Mining</a></li>

<li><a href="Municipal_or_urban_engineering" title="Municipal or urban engineering">Municipal/urban</a></li>

<li><a href="Offshore_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Offshore engineering">Offshore</a></li>

<li><a href="River_engineering" title="River engineering">River</a></li>

<li><a href="Structural_engineering" title="Structural engineering">Structural</a></li>

<li><a href="Transportation_engineering" title="Transportation engineering">Transportation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Traffic_engineering_(transportation)" title="Traffic engineering (transportation)">Traffic</a></li>

<li><a href="Railway_engineering" title="Railway engineering">Railway</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">Mechanical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Acoustical_engineering" title="Acoustical engineering">Acoustic</a></li>

<li><a href="Aerospace_engineering" title="Aerospace engineering">Aerospace</a></li>

<li><a href="Automotive_engineering" title="Automotive engineering">Automotive</a></li>

<li><a href="Biomechanical_engineering" title="Biomechanical engineering">Biomechanical</a></li>

<li><a href="Energy_engineering" title="Energy engineering">Energy</a></li>

<li><a href="Manufacturing_engineering" title="Manufacturing engineering">Manufacturing</a></li>

<li><a href="Marine_engineering" title="Marine engineering">Marine</a></li>

<li><a href="Naval_architecture" title="Naval architecture">Naval architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Railway_engineering" title="Railway engineering">Railway</a></li>

<li><a href="Sports_engineering" title="Sports engineering">Sports</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermal_engineering" title="Thermal engineering">Thermal</a></li>

<li><a href="Tribology" title="Tribology">Tribology</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">Electrical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Broadcast_engineering" title="Broadcast engineering">Broadcast</a>

<ul><li><a href="Outline_of_computer_engineering" title="Outline of computer engineering">outline</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Control_engineering" title="Control engineering">Control</a></li>

<li><a href="Electromechanics" title="Electromechanics">Electromechanics</a></li>

<li><a href="Electronic_engineering" title="Electronic engineering">Electronics</a></li>

<li><a href="Microwave_engineering" title="Microwave engineering">Microwaves</a></li>

<li><a href="Optical_engineering" title="Optical engineering">Optical</a></li>

<li><a href="Power_engineering" title="Power engineering">Power</a></li>

<li><a href="Radio-frequency_engineering" title="Radio-frequency engineering">Radio-frequency</a></li>

<li><a href="Signal_processing" title="Signal processing">Signal processing</a></li>

<li><a href="Telecommunications_engineering" title="Telecommunications engineering">Telecommunications</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">Chemical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Biochemical_engineering" title="Biochemical engineering">Biochemical/bioprocess</a></li>

<li><a href="Biological_engineering" title="Biological engineering">Biological</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bioresource_engineering" title="Bioresource engineering">Bioresource</a></li>

<li><a href="Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">Genetic</a></li>

<li><a href="Tissue_engineering" title="Tissue engineering">Tissue</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Chemical_reaction_engineering" title="Chemical reaction engineering">Chemical reaction</a></li>

<li><a href="Electrochemical_engineering" title="Electrochemical engineering">Electrochemical</a></li>

<li><a href="Molecular_engineering" title="Molecular engineering">Molecular</a></li>

<li><a href="Paper_engineering" title="Paper engineering">Paper</a></li>

<li><a href="Petroleum_engineering" title="Petroleum engineering">Petroleum</a></li>

<li><a href="Process_engineering" title="Process engineering">Process</a></li>

<li><a href="Chemical_reaction_engineering" title="Chemical reaction engineering">Reaction</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Materials_science" title="Materials science">Materials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Biomaterial" title="Biomaterial">Biomaterial</a></li>

<li><a href="Ceramic_engineering" title="Ceramic engineering">Ceramics</a></li>

<li><a href="Corrosion_engineering" title="Corrosion engineering">Corrosion</a></li>

<li><a href="Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li>

<li><a href="Molecular_engineering" title="Molecular engineering">Molecular</a></li>

<li><a href="Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">Nanotechnology</a></li>

<li><a href="Polymer_engineering" title="Polymer engineering">Polymers</a></li>

<li><a href="Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">Semiconductors</a></li>

<li><a href="Surface_engineering" title="Surface engineering">Surfaces</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Systems_engineering_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Systems engineering (disambiguation)">Computer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Computer_engineering" title="Computer engineering">Computer</a></li>

<li><a href="Cybersecurity_engineering" title="Cybersecurity engineering">Cybersecurity</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_network_engineering" title="Computer network engineering">Networks</a></li>

<li><a href="Robotics_engineering" title="Robotics engineering">Robotics</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Engineering_education" title="Engineering education">Engineering education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bachelor_of_Engineering" title="Bachelor of Engineering">Bachelor of Engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">Bachelor of Science</a></li>

<li><a href="Master's_degree" title="Master's degree">Master's degree</a></li>

<li><a href="Doctorate" title="Doctorate">Doctorate</a></li>

<li><a href="Graduate_certificate" title="Graduate certificate">Graduate certificate</a></li>

<li><a href="Engineer's_degree" title="Engineer's degree">Engineer's degree</a></li>

<li><a href="Regulation_and_licensure_in_engineering" title="Regulation and licensure in engineering">Licensed engineer</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Engineer" title="Engineer">Engineer</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Glossary" title="Glossary">Glossaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Engineering

<li><a href="Glossary_of_aerospace_engineering" title="Glossary of aerospace engineering">Aerospace engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_civil_engineering" title="Glossary of civil engineering">Civil engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_electrical_and_electronics_engineering" title="Glossary of electrical and electronics engineering">Electrical and electronics engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_mechanical_engineering" title="Glossary of mechanical engineering">Mechanical engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_structural_engineering" title="Glossary of structural engineering">Structural engineering</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Agricultural_engineering" title="Agricultural engineering">Agricultural</a></li>

<li><a href="Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Audio</a></li>

<li><a href="Automation_engineering" title="Automation engineering">Automation</a></li>

<li><a href="Biomedical_engineering" title="Biomedical engineering">Biomedical</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a></li>

<li><a href="Clinical_engineering" title="Clinical engineering">Clinical</a></li>

<li><a href="Health_technology" title="Health technology">Health technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Pharmaceutical_engineering" title="Pharmaceutical engineering">Pharmaceutical</a></li>

<li><a href="Rehabilitation_engineering" title="Rehabilitation engineering">Rehabilitation</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Building_services_engineering" title="Building services engineering">Building services</a>

<li><a href="Design_engineer" title="Design engineer">Design</a></li>

<li><a href="Explosives_engineering" title="Explosives engineering">Explosives</a></li>

<li><a href="Facilities_engineering" title="Facilities engineering">Facilities</a></li>

<li><a href="Forensic_engineering" title="Forensic engineering">Forensic</a></li>

<li><a href="Climate_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate engineering">Climate</a></li>

<li><a href="Geomatics_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Geomatics engineering">Geomatics</a></li>

<li><a href="Engineering_drawing" title="Engineering drawing">Graphics</a></li>

<li><a href="Industrial_engineering" title="Industrial engineering">Industrial</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_engineering" title="Information engineering">Information</a></li>

<li><a href="Instrumentation_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumentation engineering">Instrumentation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Instrumentation_and_control_engineering" title="Instrumentation and control engineering">Instrumentation and control</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Logistics_engineering" title="Logistics engineering">Logistics</a></li>

<li><a href="Engineering_management" title="Engineering management">Management</a></li>

<li><a href="Engineering_mathematics" title="Engineering mathematics">Mathematics</a></li>

<li><a href="Mechatronics" title="Mechatronics">Mechatronics</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Military</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_engineering" title="Nuclear engineering">Nuclear</a></li>

<li><a href="Ontology_engineering" title="Ontology engineering">Ontology</a></li>

<li><a href="Packaging_engineering" title="Packaging engineering">Packaging</a></li>

<li><a href="Engineering_physics" title="Engineering physics">Physics</a></li>

<li><a href="Privacy_engineering" title="Privacy engineering">Privacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Safety_engineering" title="Safety engineering">Safety</a></li>

<li><a href="Security_engineering" title="Security engineering">Security</a></li>

<li><a href="Survey_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Survey engineering">Survey</a></li>

<li><a href="Sustainable_engineering" title="Sustainable engineering">Sustainability</a></li>

<li><a href="Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">Systems</a></li>

<li><a href="Textile_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Textile engineering">Textile</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Engineering" class="extiw external" title="commons:Engineering">Commons</a></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"></span></span> Wikiproject</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Portal%3AEngineering" title="Portal:Engineering">Portal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_impact_on_the_environment505" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Human_impact_on_the_environment505" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anthropocene" title="Anthropocene">Anthropocene</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">Ecological footprint</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">Environmental impact assessment</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_issues" title="Environmental issues">Environmental issues</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_environmental_issues" title="List of environmental issues">list of issues</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact</a>

<ul><li><a href="Human_impact_on_marine_life" title="Human impact on marine life">on marine life</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_global_issues" title="List of global issues">List of global issues</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">Impact assessment</a></li>

<li><a href="Planetary_boundaries" title="Planetary boundaries">Planetary boundaries</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_ecology_(ethics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (ethics)">Social ecology (ethics)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Causes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Causes_of_climate_change" title="Causes of climate change">Causes of climate change</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_impact_of_agriculture" title="Environmental impact of agriculture">Agriculture</a>

<ul><li><a href="Environmental_impacts_of_animal_agriculture" title="Environmental impacts of animal agriculture">animal agriculture</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_impact_of_cannabis_cultivation" title="Environmental impact of cannabis cultivation">cannabis cultivation</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_effects_of_irrigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of irrigation">irrigation</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_impact_of_meat_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of meat production">meat production</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_impact_of_cocoa_production" title="Environmental impact of cocoa production">cocoa production</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_effects_of_bitcoin" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of bitcoin">Bitcoin</a></li>

<li><a href="Corporate_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate behavior">Corporate behavior</a></li>

<li><a href="Deforestation_and_climate_change" title="Deforestation and climate change">Deforestation and climate change</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_impact_of_the_energy_industry" title="Environmental impact of the energy industry">Energy industry</a>

<ul><li><a href="Indirect_land_use_change_impacts_of_biofuels" title="Indirect land use change impacts of biofuels">biofuels</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_impact_of_biodiesel" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of biodiesel">biodiesel</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_impact_of_electricity_generation" title="Environmental impact of electricity generation">electricity</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_impact_of_the_energy_industry" title="Environmental impact of the energy industry">energy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Environmental_impact_of_fashion" title="Environmental impact of fashion">fashion</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_impact_of_fracking_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental impact of fracking in the United States">fracking (US)</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_impact_of_nuclear_power" title="Environmental impact of nuclear power">nuclear power</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_impact_of_the_oil_shale_industry" title="Environmental impact of the oil shale industry">oil shale</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_impact_of_the_petroleum_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of the petroleum industry">petroleum</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_impact_of_reservoirs" title="Environmental impact of reservoirs">reservoirs</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_impact_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of transport">transport</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic pollution</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_crime" title="Environmental crime">Environmental crime</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecological_impact_of_explosives" title="Ecological impact of explosives">Explosives</a></li>

<li><a href="Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">Industrialisation</a></li>

<li><a href="Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</a>

<ul><li><a href="Environmental_impact_of_cleaning_products" title="Environmental impact of cleaning products">cleaning agents</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_impact_of_concrete" title="Environmental impact of concrete">concrete</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_impact_of_fashion" title="Environmental impact of fashion">fashion</a></li>

<li><a href="Plastic#Environmental_effects" title="Plastic">plastics</a></li>

<li><a href="Impact_of_nanotechnology" title="Impact of nanotechnology">nanotechnology</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_effects_of_paint" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of paint">paint</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_effects_of_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of paper">paper</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_impact_of_pesticides" title="Environmental impact of pesticides">pesticides</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products" title="Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products">pharmaceuticals and personal care</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Human_impact_on_marine_life" title="Human impact on marine life">Marine life</a>

<ul><li><a href="Environmental_impact_of_fishing" title="Environmental impact of fishing">fishing</a></li>

<li><a href="Fishing_down_the_food_web" title="Fishing down the food web">fishing down the food web</a></li>

<li><a href="Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">marine pollution</a></li>

<li><a href="Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfishing</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_effects_of_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of mining">Mining</a></li>

<li><a href="Overconsumption" title="Overconsumption">Overconsumption</a></li>

<li><a href="Overdrafting" title="Overdrafting">Overdrafting</a></li>

<li><a href="Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">Overexploitation</a></li>

<li><a href="Overgrazing" title="Overgrazing">Overgrazing</a></li>

<li><a href="Particulates" class="mw-redirect" title="Particulates">Particulates</a></li>

<li><a href="Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a></li>

<li><a href="Quarry" title="Quarry">Quarrying</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_impact_of_reservoirs" title="Environmental impact of reservoirs">Reservoirs</a></li>

<li><a href="Impacts_of_tourism" title="Impacts of tourism">Tourism</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_effects_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of transport">Transport</a>

<ul><li><a href="Environmental_effects_of_aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of aviation">aviation</a></li>

<li><a href="Road_ecology" title="Road ecology">roads</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_effects_of_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of shipping">shipping</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Urbanization" title="Urbanization">Urbanization</a>

<ul><li><a href="Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a></li></ul></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Effects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Biodiversity_threats" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity threats">Biodiversity threats</a>

<ul><li><a href="Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity loss</a></li>

<li><a href="Decline_in_amphibian_populations" title="Decline in amphibian populations">decline in amphibian populations</a></li>

<li><a href="Decline_in_insect_populations" title="Decline in insect populations">decline in insect populations</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a>

<ul><li><a href="Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system" title="Tipping points in the climate system">runaway climate change</a></li>

<li><a href="Climate_change_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change in the United States">in the United States</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li>

<li><a href="Defaunation" title="Defaunation">Defaunation</a></li>

<li><a href="Desertification" title="Desertification">Desertification</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecocide" title="Ecocide">Ecocide</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecological_crisis" title="Ecological crisis">Ecological crisis</a></li>

<li><a href="Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">Effects of climate change</a></li>

<li><a href="Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">Effects of climate change on agriculture</a>

<ul><li><a href="Multiple_breadbasket_failure" title="Multiple breadbasket failure">Multiple breadbasket failure</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock" title="Effects of climate change on livestock">Effects of climate change on livestock</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_security" title="Environmental security">Environmental insecurity</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_issues_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental issues in the United States">Environmental issues in the United States</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_issues_with_coral_reefs" title="Environmental issues with coral reefs">Coral reefs</a></li>

<li><a href="Externality" title="Externality">Externality</a></li>

<li><a href="Forest_dieback" title="Forest dieback">Forest dieback</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">Environmental degradation</a></li>

<li><a href="Erosion" title="Erosion">Erosion</a></li>

<li><a href="Freshwater_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater cycle">Freshwater cycle</a></li>

<li><a href="Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</a></li>

<li><a href="Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">Habitat destruction</a></li>

<li><a href="Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_impact_on_the_nitrogen_cycle" title="Human impact on the nitrogen cycle">Nitrogen cycle</a></li>

<li><a href="Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a></li>

<li><a href="Land_consumption" title="Land consumption">Land consumption</a></li>

<li><a href="Land_surface_effects_on_climate" title="Land surface effects on climate">Land surface effects on climate</a></li>

<li><a href="Loss_and_damage" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss and damage">Loss and damage</a></li>

<li><a href="Green_belt" title="Green belt">Loss of green belts</a></li>

<li><a href="Phosphorus_cycle#Human_influences" title="Phosphorus cycle">Phosphorus cycle</a></li>

<li><a href="Ocean_acidification#Possible_impacts" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li>

<li><a href="Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li>

<li><a href="Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">Resource depletion</a></li>

<li><a href="Technofossil" title="Technofossil">Technofossilization</a></li>

<li><a href="Tropical_cyclones_and_climate_change" title="Tropical cyclones and climate change">Tropical cyclones and climate change</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Water degradation">Water degradation</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water pollution</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mitigation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alternative_fuel_vehicle" title="Alternative fuel vehicle">Alternative fuel vehicle propulsion</a></li>

<li><a href="Birth_control" title="Birth control">Birth control</a></li>

<li><a href="Cleaner_production" title="Cleaner production">Cleaner production</a></li>

<li><a href="Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Climate change mitigation</a></li>

<li><a href="Community_resilience" title="Community resilience">Community resilience</a></li>

<li><a href="Cultured_meat" title="Cultured meat">Cultured meat</a></li>

<li><a href="Eco-economic_decoupling" title="Eco-economic decoupling">Decoupling</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_mitigation" title="Environmental mitigation">Environmental mitigation</a></li>

<li><a href="Industrial_ecology" title="Industrial ecology">Industrial ecology</a></li>

<li><a href="Mitigation_banking" title="Mitigation banking">Mitigation banking</a></li>

<li><a href="Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">Organic farming</a></li>

<li><a href="Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a></li>

<li><a href="Reforestation" title="Reforestation">Reforestation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Urban_reforestation" title="Urban reforestation">urban</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Restoration_ecology" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration ecology">Restoration ecology</a></li>

<li><a href="Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li>

<li><a href="Sustainable_consumption" title="Sustainable consumption">Sustainable consumption</a></li>

<li><a href="Waste_minimisation" title="Waste minimisation">Waste minimization</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Environmental_impact" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Environmental impact">Commons</a></li>

<li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>

<li>by country</li>

<li>assessment</li>

<li>mitigation</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Deforestation_and_desertification103" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Deforestation_and_desertification103" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a> and <a href="Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Assarting" title="Assarting">Assarting</a></li>

<li><a href="Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li>

<li><a href="Deforestation_and_climate_change" title="Deforestation and climate change">Deforestation and climate change</a></li>

<li><a href="Deforestation_by_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Deforestation by region">Deforestation by region</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">Illegal logging</a></li>

<li><a href="Mountaintop_removal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountaintop removal">Mountaintop removal</a></li>

<li><a href="Slash-and-burn" class="mw-redirect" title="Slash-and-burn">Slash-and-burn</a></li>

<li><a href="Slash-and-char" title="Slash-and-char">Slash-and-char</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Desertification" title="Desertification">Desertification</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aridification" title="Aridification">Aridification</a></li>

<li><a href="Historic_desertification" title="Historic desertification">Historic desertification</a></li>

<li><a href="Moisture_recycling" title="Moisture recycling">Moisture recycling</a></li>

<li><a href="Soil_retrogression_and_degradation" title="Soil retrogression and degradation">Soil retrogression and degradation</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li>

<li>By region:

<ul><li><a href="Desertification_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Desertification in China">China</a></li>

<li><a href="Desertification_in_the_Gobi_Desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Desertification in the Gobi Desert">Gobi Desert</a></li>

<li><a href="Desertification_in_Lebanon" title="Desertification in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li>

<li><a href="Desertification_in_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Desertification in Libya">Libya</a></li>

<li><a href="Desertification_in_Mauritania" class="mw-redirect" title="Desertification in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li>

<li><a href="Desertification_in_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Desertification in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li>

<li><a href="Desertification_in_the_Sahel" class="mw-redirect" title="Desertification in the Sahel">Sahel</a></li>

<li><a href="Desertification_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Desertification in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mitigation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Afforestation" title="Afforestation">Afforestation</a></li>

<li>Arid Lands Information Network</li>

<li><a href="Biochar" title="Biochar">Biochar</a></li>

<li><a href="Conservation_grazing" title="Conservation grazing">Conservation grazing</a></li>

<li><a href="Desert_greening" title="Desert greening">Desert greening</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecoforestry" title="Ecoforestry">Ecoforestry</a></li>

<li><a href="Farmer-managed_natural_regeneration" class="mw-redirect" title="Farmer-managed natural regeneration">Farmer-managed regeneration</a></li>

<li><a href="Flexible_Mechanisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexible Mechanisms">Flexible Mechanisms</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Green_Wall_(Africa)" title="Great Green Wall (Africa)">Great Green Wall (Africa)</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Green_Wall_(China)" title="Great Green Wall (China)">Great Green Wall (China)</a></li>

<li><a href="Managed_intensive_rotational_grazing" class="mw-redirect" title="Managed intensive rotational grazing">Managed intensive rotational grazing</a></li>

<li><a href="Oasification" title="Oasification">Oasification</a></li>

<li><a href="Reforestation" title="Reforestation">Reforestation</a></li>

<li><a href="United_Nations_Convention_to_Combat_Desertification" title="United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification">United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a></li>

<li><a href="Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></li>

<li><a href="Intact_forest_landscape" title="Intact forest landscape">Intact forest landscape</a></li>

<li><a href="Land_surface_effects_on_climate" title="Land surface effects on climate">Land surface effects on climate</a></li>

<li><a href="Land_use%2C_land-use_change_and_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Land use, land-use change and forestry">Land use, land-use change and forestry</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_global_issues" title="List of global issues">List of global issues</a></li>

<li><a href="Natural_landscape" title="Natural landscape">Natural landscape</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Terra_preta" title="Terra preta">Terra preta</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Wilderness" title="Wilderness">Wilderness</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Population682" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Population682" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Population" title="Population">Population</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Demographics_of_the_world" title="Demographics of the world">Demographics of the world</a></li>

<li><a href="Demographic_transition" title="Demographic transition">Demographic transition</a></li>

<li><a href="Estimates_of_historical_world_population" title="Estimates of historical world population">Estimates of historical world population</a></li>

<li><a href="Population_growth" title="Population growth">Population growth</a></li>

<li><a href="Population_momentum" title="Population momentum">Population momentum</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_population_projections" title="Human population projections">Human population projections</a></li>

<li><a href="World_population" title="World population">World population</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Population_biology" title="Population biology">Population<br>biology</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Population_decline" title="Population decline">Population decline</a></li>

<li><a href="Population_density" title="Population density">Population density</a>

<ul><li><a href="Physiological_density" title="Physiological density">Physiological density</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Population_dynamics" title="Population dynamics">Population dynamics</a></li>

<li><a href="Population_model" title="Population model">Population model</a></li>

<li><a href="Population_pyramid" title="Population pyramid">Population pyramid</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Population_ecology" title="Population ecology">Population<br>ecology</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Biocapacity" title="Biocapacity">Biocapacity</a></li>

<li><a href="Carrying_capacity" title="Carrying capacity">Carrying capacity</a></li>

<li><a href="Kaya_identity" title="Kaya identity">Kaya identity</a></li>

<li><a href="Malthusian_growth_model" title="Malthusian growth model">Malthusian growth model</a></li>

<li><a href="Overshoot_(population)" title="Overshoot (population)">Overshoot (population)</a></li>

<li><a href="World3" title="World3">World3 model</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society and<br> population</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li>

<li><a href="Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics"><i>Dys</i>genics</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">Human overpopulation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusian catastrophe</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Human_population_planning" title="Human population planning">Human population planning</a>

<ul><li><a href="Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li>

<li><a href="Dependency_ratio" title="Dependency ratio">Dependency ratio</a></li>

<li><a href="Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li>

<li><a href="One-child_policy" title="One-child policy">One-child policy</a></li>

<li><a href="Two-child_policy" title="Two-child policy">Two-child policy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Overconsumption_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Overconsumption (economics)">Overconsumption</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_demography" title="Political demography">Political demography</a></li>

<li><a href="Population_ethics" title="Population ethics">Population ethics</a>

<ul><li><a href="Antinatalism" title="Antinatalism">Antinatalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Intergenerational_equity" title="Intergenerational equity">Intergenerational equity</a></li>

<li><a href="Mere_addition_paradox" title="Mere addition paradox">Mere addition paradox</a></li>

<li><a href="Natalism" title="Natalism">Natalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-identity_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-identity problem">Non-identity problem</a></li>

<li><a href="Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sustainable_population" title="Sustainable population">Sustainable population</a></li>

<li><a href="Zero_population_growth" title="Zero population growth">Zero population growth</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Population_and_Environment" title="Population and Environment">Population and Environment</a></li>

<li><a href="Population_and_Development_Review" title="Population and Development Review">Population and Development Review</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Population_and_housing_censuses_by_country" title="Population and housing censuses by country">Population and housing censuses by country</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_countries_by_dependency_ratio" title="List of countries by dependency ratio">Dependency ratio</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_largest_cities" title="List of largest cities">Largest cities</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_countries_by_number_of_births" title="List of countries by number of births">Number of births</a></li>

<li><a href="World_population_milestones" title="World population milestones">World population milestones</a>

<ul><li><a href="Day_of_Six_Billion" title="Day of Six Billion">6 billion</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_population_concern_organizations" title="List of population concern organizations">Population concern organizations</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Events and<br>organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="7_Billion_Actions" title="7 Billion Actions">7 Billion Actions</a></li>

<li><a href="Church_of_Euthanasia" title="Church of Euthanasia">Church of Euthanasia</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Conference_on_Population_and_Development" title="International Conference on Population and Development">International Conference on Population and Development</a></li>

<li><a href="Population_Action_International" title="Population Action International">Population Action International</a></li>

<li><a href="Population_Connection" title="Population Connection">Population Connection</a></li>

<li><a href="Population_Matters" title="Population Matters">Population Matters</a></li>

<li><a href="United_Nations_Population_Fund" title="United Nations Population Fund">United Nations Population Fund</a></li>

<li><a href="United_Nations_world_population_conferences" title="United Nations world population conferences">United Nations world population conferences</a></li>

<li><a href="Voluntary_Human_Extinction_Movement" title="Voluntary Human Extinction Movement">Voluntary Human Extinction Movement</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Population_Conference" title="World Population Conference">World Population Conference</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Population_Day" title="World Population Day">World Population Day</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Population_Foundation" title="World Population Foundation">World Population Foundation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bennett's_law" title="Bennett's law">Bennett's law</a></li>

<li><a href="Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_migration" title="Human migration">Migration</a>

<ul><li><a href="Net_migration_rate" title="Net migration rate">Net migration rate</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Human_populations" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Human populations">Commons</a></b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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